Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Apoptosis Inducing Factor/metabolism , Calpain/metabolism , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/physiology , Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/genetics , Apoptosis Inducing Factor/genetics , Cells, Cultured , Calpain/antagonists & inhibitors , Calpain/deficiency , Calpain/genetics , Cell Death/physiology , Enzyme Activation/genetics , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/geneticsSubject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/antagonists & inhibitors , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Clinical Trials as Topic , DNA Repair/drug effects , DNA, Neoplasm/drug effects , DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism , Dacarbazine/administration & dosage , Dacarbazine/analogs & derivatives , Dacarbazine/pharmacology , Drug Delivery Systems , Drug Design , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Drug Synergism , Mice, Knockout , Neoplasm Proteins/physiology , Neoplasms/enzymology , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/chemistry , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/deficiency , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/genetics , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/physiology , Radiation Tolerance/drug effectsABSTRACT
Prostate cancer represents the second cancer-related cause of death in North American and Chilean men. The main treatment for incurable stages of disease is surgical or pharmacological castration. However, with time and despite the addition of anti-androgens, the disease progresses to a clinical state that has been commonly referred to as hormone refractory. In recent years, the concept of hormone refractoriness has been challenged and replaced by castration resistance, acknowledging that further and optimal hormonal manipulation can be attained, beyond achieving testosterone levels at castration range. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent therapeutic breakthroughs in the management of metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), with greater emphasis in the newer hormonal therapy agents such as Abiraterone and Enzalutamide. Future combination and sequential treatment strategies are contextualized in the current era of personalized cancer medicine and genomic characterization of prostate cancer.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Angiotensin II/physiology , Fibronectins/biosynthesis , Mesangial Cells/metabolism , Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/biosynthesis , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/physiology , Cells, Cultured , Fibronectins/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic , Glomerular Mesangium/cytology , Glomerular Mesangium/metabolism , Glomerular Mesangium/pathology , Glomerulonephritis/genetics , Glomerulonephritis/metabolism , Glomerulonephritis/pathology , Mesangial Cells/enzymology , Mesangial Cells/pathology , Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/genetics , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/biosynthesis , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/genetics , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The history of the location of the University of Chile Faculty of Medicine North Campus is derived from a farm of Pedro de Valdivia founder of the city of Santiago de la Nueva Extremadura and governor of the Reyno de Chile. This work narrates succinctly the history of this particular location from the Spanish Conquest period to present days.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , CLOCK Proteins/physiology , Gene Expression Regulation/physiology , Ketamine/pharmacology , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/physiology , CLOCK Proteins/drug effects , Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins/drug effects , Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology , Cryptochromes , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology , Period Circadian Proteins/genetics , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/drug effects , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Introduction: Complete denervation of transplanted heart exerts protective effect against postoperative atrial fibrillation; various degrees of autonomic denervation appear also after transection of ascending aorta during surgery for aortic aneurysm. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate if the level of cardiac denervation obtained by resection of ascending aorta could exert any effect on postoperative atrial fibrillation incidence. Methods: We retrospectively analysed the clinical records of 67 patients submitted to graft replacement of ascending aorta (group A) and 132 with aortic valve replacement (group B); all episodes of postoperative atrial fibrillation occurred during the 1-month follow-up have been reported. Heart Rate Variability parameters were obtained from a 24-h Holter recording; clinical, echocardiographic and treatment data were also evaluated. Results: Overall, 45% of patients (group A 43%, group B 46%) presented at least one episode of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Older age (but not gender, abnormal glucose tolerance, ejection fraction, left atrial diameter) was correlated with incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Only among a subgroup of patients with aortic transection and signs of greater autonomic derangement (heart rate variability parameters below the median and mean heart rate over the 75th percentile), possibly indicating more profound autonomic denervation, a lower incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation was observed (22% vs. 54%). Conclusion: Transection of ascending aorta for repair of an aortic aneurysm did not confer any significant protective effect from postoperative atrial fibrillation in comparison to patients with intact ascending aorta. It could be speculated that a limited and heterogeneous cardiac denervation was produced by the intervention, creating an eletrophysiological substrate for the high incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation observed. .
Introdução: Denervação completa do coração transplantado exerce efeito protetor contra a fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório; vários graus de denervação autonômica aparecem também após a transecção da aorta ascendente durante a cirurgia de aneurisma da aorta. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se o nível de denervação cardíaca obtida por ressecção da aorta ascendente poderia exercer algum efeito sobre a incidência de fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório. Métodos: Foram analisados retrospectivamente os prontuários de 67 pacientes submetidos a enxerto de substituição de aorta torácica (grupo A) e 132 com a substituição da valva aórtica (grupo B). Foram relatados todos os episódios de fibrilação atrial pós-operatória ocorridos durante 1 mês de seguimento. Parâmetros de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca foram obtidos a partir de 24 h de gravação do Holter; dados clínicos, ecocardiográficos e de tratamento também foram avaliados. Resultados: No geral, 45% dos pacientes (grupo A 43%, grupo B 46%) apresentaram pelo menos um episódio de fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório. Idade mais avançada (mas não gênero, tolerância à glicose anormal, fração de ejeção, diâmetro do átrio esquerdo) foi correlacionada com a incidência de fibrilação atrial pós-operatória. Apenas em um subgrupo de pacientes com transecção aórtica e sinais de maior desarranjo autonômico (parâmetros de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca abaixo da mediana e a média de frequência cardíaca acima do percentil 75), indicando possivelmente denervação autonômica mais profunda, foi observada menor incidência de fibrilação atrial pós-operatória (22% vs. 54%). Conclusão: Transecção da aorta ascendente para correção de um aneurisma da aorta não confere qualquer efeito protetor significativo de fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório em comparação com pacientes com aorta ascendente intacta. Pode-se especular que uma denervação cardíaca limitada e heterogênea foi produzida pela ...
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Brain/physiology , Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology , Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose/antagonists & inhibitors , Stroke/physiopathology , Apoptosis Inducing Factor/physiology , Blotting, Northern , Calcium/metabolism , Cell Death/physiology , Glutamic Acid/drug effects , Glutamic Acid/physiology , Mitochondria/metabolism , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Protein Binding , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism , Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/physiology , Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/drug effectsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Gastric bypass is today the most frequently performed bariatric procedure,but, despite of it, several complications can occur with varied morbimortality. Probably all bariatric surgeons know these complications, but, as bariatric surgery continues to spread, general surgeon must be familiarized to it and its management. Gastric bypass complications can be divided into two groups: early and late complications, taking into account the two weeks period after the surgery. This paper will focus the early ones. METHOD: Literature review was carried out using Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library, SciELO, and additional information on institutional sites of interest crossing the headings: gastric bypass AND complications; follow-up studies AND complications; postoperative complications AND anastomosis, Roux-en-Y; obesity AND postoperative complications. Search language was English. RESULTS: There were selected 26 studies that matched the headings. Early complications included: anastomotic or staple line leaks, gastrointestinal bleeding, intestinal obstruction and incorrect Roux limb reconstruction. CONCLUSION: Knowledge on strategies on how to reduce the risk and incidence of complications must be acquired, and every surgeon must be familiar with these complications in order to achieve an earlier recognition and perform the best intervention. .
INTRODUÇÃO: O bypass gástrico é hoje o procedimento bariátrico mais realizado, mas, apesar disso, várias complicações podem ocorrer com variada morbimortalidade. Provavelmente todos os cirurgiões bariátricos conhecem essas complicações, mas como a cirurgia bariátrica continua a se espalhar, o cirurgião geral deve estar familiarizado com essas complicações e seu manuseio. As complicações do bypass gástrico podem ser divididas em dois grupos: as precoces e tardias, tendo em conta o período de duas semanas após a operação. Este artigo irá focar as precoces. MÉTODO: Foi realizada revisão da literatura utilizando as bases Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library, SciELO, e informações adicionais sobre sites institucionais de interesse cruzando os descritores: bypass gástrico AND complicações; seguimento AND complicações; complicações pós-operatórias AND anastomose, Roux-en-Y; obesidade AND complicações pós-operatórias. A língua usada para a busca foi o inglês. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados 26 artigos que combinavam com os descritores. As complicações imediatas foram: fístula na linha de grampeamento, sangramento gastrointestinal, obstrução intestinal e reconstrução incorreta da alça em Roux. CONCLUSÃO: O conhecimento sobre as estratégias de como reduzir o risco e incidência das complicações deve ser adquirido ao longo do tempo, e cada cirurgião deve estar familiarizado com essas complicações, a fim de reconhecê-las precocemente e realizar a melhor intervenção. .